# FAI Media: Pakistani law, one myth at a time > Pakistani court judgments and laws explained in plain words: short reels, carousels and articles on myths people believe. Each names the court and the citation and quotes the judgment. Free to watch and read, no account needed. Every reel has a page in English and in Urdu, and each page is also available as Markdown (add .md to the address). ## Family - [Myth: If a mother remarries, she loses custody of her children.](https://failegal.site/media/mother-remarries-child-custody-pakistan-2024-scmr-486): Mst. Qurat-ul-Ain v. SHO, Police Station Saddar Jalalpur Jattan, District Gujrat, Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2024 SCMR 486, short order 13 December 2023 (judgment by Ijaz ul Ahsan, J). (Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2024 SCMR 486) - [Myth: If a daughter marries without her father's consent, he can bring her home by force.](https://failegal.site/media/court-marriage-father-take-daughter-back-by-force-2023-scmr-1182): Hilal Khattak v. The State, Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2023 SCMR 1182, decided 24 May 2023 (Syed Mansoor Ali Shah and Syed Hasan Azhar Rizvi JJ). (Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2023 SCMR 1182) - [Myth: Say talaq three times and the marriage ends that very minute.](https://failegal.site/media/triple-talaq-not-instant-90-days-widow-inherits-pld-2025-sc-469): In Pakistan a talaq takes effect only ninety days after written notice reaches the Union Council chairman. In April 2025 the Supreme Court held that a wife whose husband died 37 days after posting a divorce deed was still his widow, and inherits. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, PLD 2025 SC 469) - [Myth: An adult girl can't marry without her father's consent.](https://failegal.site/media/wali): Yes. The Supreme Court held in 2003 that the consent of the wali (guardian) is not required, and that an adult Muslim woman can enter into a valid nikah of her own free will. The Federal Shariat Court has held the same since 1981. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, PLD 2004 SC 219) - [Myth: If the children live with their mother, the father pays nothing.](https://failegal.site/media/bachay): Yes. In July 2025 the Supreme Court said a father's duty to maintain his children is a continuing one, and it is not lessened because the child is in the mother's custody (hizanat). A wife's maintenance ends with the marriage; a child's does not. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, PLD 2026 SC 170) - [Myth: If a wife leaves her husband's house, she loses her maintenance.](https://failegal.site/media/nafqa): Not if she left because of his cruelty. A husband's duty to maintain his wife continues when his cruelty drives her out, and the Supreme Court has said cruelty may be mental as well as physical. In November 2022 it restored a wife's dissolution for cruelty and set aside an order that she return five tolas of gold. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2023 SCMR 246) - [Myth: At seven, the son goes to his father automatically.](https://failegal.site/media/hizanat): The mother's right of custody (hizanat) of a son is usually said to last until he is seven, but the Supreme Court held that rule is not absolute. The child's welfare comes first, and a mother's second marriage cannot, on its own, take her child away. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, PLD 2024 SC 629) - [Myth: If he marries again, she must take khula and give up her dower.](https://failegal.site/media/second): No. In Pakistan a second marriage needs the Arbitration Council's prior written permission, and marrying without it is itself a ground for the wife to seek dissolution. In January 2026 the Supreme Court held that a court cannot turn her suit into khula unless she clearly asks for it, and ordered her remaining dower of Rs. 12 lakh to be paid. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, PLD 2026 SC 302) - [Myth: After divorce or khula, his family takes back the gold and gifts.](https://failegal.site/media/jahez): In January 2026 the Supreme Court said that what a husband or his family gives in connection with the marriage is a bridal gift or present that vests absolutely in the bride, and the husband cannot reclaim it. The jahez she brings is hers too. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2026 SCMR 561) - [Myth: Nikah not registered? Then you're not married.](https://failegal.site/media/nikah): Yes. The law requires every marriage to be registered and punishes the person who fails to report it, but the Lahore High Court held that the validity of a nikah does not depend on its registration. Register it anyway: it is your proof. (Lahore High Court, 2001 YLR 644) - [The courts gave her khula, and took her dower](https://failegal.site/media/dower): A wife sued for dissolution of marriage. During the case her husband married again without permission. The courts below turned her case into khula and made her give up her remaining dower. In January 2026 the Supreme Court held that khula needs the wife's own clear consent, and ordered the remaining dower of Rs 12 lakh to be paid to her. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, PLD 2026 SC 302) - [Myth: If the husband won't divorce her, she's stuck for life.](https://failegal.site/media/khula-without-husband-consent-pld-1967-sc-97): No. Since 1966 the Supreme Court has held that a court can dissolve a marriage by khula even if the husband does not agree, where it is satisfied the spouses can no longer live together within the limits of God. The wife returns what she received in consideration of the marriage, as the court decides. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, PLD 1967 SC 97) - [Custody is not guardianship.](https://failegal.site/media/custody-is-not-guardianship) (carousel, 12 slides, for citizens): Custody is day to day care. Guardianship is the duty to maintain the child and make legal transactions in the child's name (2021 MLD 817). A court can appoint or declare a guardian of the person, the property or both under section 7 of the Guardians and Wards Act, guided by the child's welfare (s.17). - [Marry without your parents? An adult woman can.](https://failegal.site/media/marry-without-your-parents-an-adult-woman-can-court-marriage) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Yes. An adult, sui juris Muslim woman can contract a valid nikah of her own free will; the wali's consent is not required (PLD 2004 SC 219). Free consent is the core: a nikah obtained by coercion is invalid (2020 CLC 1691). - [Haq mehr: due on demand.](https://failegal.site/media/haq-mehr-due-on-demand) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): If the nikahnama gives no details of payment, the whole mehr is payable on demand (Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, section 10). No family paper can take it away from her. - [Her dowry is hers. Always.](https://failegal.site/media/her-dowry-is-hers-always) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): After a divorce, many families are told the dowry stays with the in-laws. High Courts say the opposite, whoever paid for it. - [No money from him? Maintenance has a deadline.](https://failegal.site/media/no-money-from-him-maintenance-has-a-deadline) (carousel, 10 slides, for citizens): In Punjab, interim maintenance is fixed at his first appearance. Miss the 14th and his defence is struck off. - [Abuse at home? Ask for a protection order.](https://failegal.site/media/abuse-at-home-ask-for-a-protection-order) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): In Punjab, the Family Court can order him to stay away, keep you in the house, and pay your costs. Interim orders can come on your affidavit. - [Separated? Who keeps the children?](https://failegal.site/media/separated-who-keeps-the-children-custody) (carousel, 10 slides, for citizens): Not "the father, always". The court is guided by the welfare of the child. - [Talaq said? The law still needs a notice.](https://failegal.site/media/talaq-said-the-law-still-needs-a-notice) (carousel, 9 slides, for citizens): Under the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, talaq is not effective until 90 days after written notice reaches the Chairman. - [Second marriage? Permission first. In writing.](https://failegal.site/media/second-marriage-permission-first-in-writing) (carousel, 9 slides, for citizens): Most people think it is the husband's choice alone. The Muslim Family Laws Ordinance says otherwise, and the first wife has a say. - [Taking khula? You do not lose all your mehr.](https://failegal.site/media/taking-khula-you-do-not-lose-all-your-mehr) (carousel, 8 slides, for citizens): Many women are told khula means giving everything back. In Punjab the law puts a ceiling on it. ## Workplace - [Myth: Once a daughter marries, she loses her late father's quota job.](https://failegal.site/media/deceased-son-quota-married-daughter-pld-2025-sc-529): Zahida Parveen v. Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Supreme Court of Pakistan, PLD 2025 SC 529, decided 17 March 2025 (Syed Mansoor Ali Shah and Athar Minallah, JJ). (Supreme Court of Pakistan, PLD 2025 SC 529) - [Myth: Gratuity is every private employee's legal right.](https://failegal.site/media/gratuity-private-employees-pakistan-workman-2021-scmr-1785): Getz Pharma v. Muhammad Nafees, Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2021 SCMR 1785, decided 24 March 2021 (Gulzar Ahmed CJ, Ijaz ul Ahsan and Sayyed Mazahar Ali Akbar Naqvi JJ). (Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2021 SCMR 1785) - [Factory worker? Your leave is the law.](https://failegal.site/media/factory-worker-your-leave-is-the-law-factory-leave) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Under the Factories Act 1934 as it applies in Punjab: 14 days annual leave after 12 months of service (s.49B), 10 days casual leave with full pay and 16 days sick leave on half pay (s.49H), paid festival holidays (s.49I) and 7 days paternity leave (s.49-J). Unused annual leave carries forward, up to 14 days. - [Fired? Your pay is due in 2 working days.](https://failegal.site/media/fired-your-pay-is-due-in-2-working-days-wages) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): In Punjab and KP, when an employer ends your job, the wages you earned must be paid before the second working day ends. If they are not, you have three years to claim. - [Harassed at work? You have two doors.](https://failegal.site/media/harassed-at-work-you-have-two-doors-harassment) (carousel, 10 slides, for citizens): The Protection against Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act, 2010 lets you complain inside your office or straight to the Ombudsperson. (Punjab Act text.) ## Property and inheritance - [Myth: If I pay my rent on time, the landlord can never make me leave.](https://failegal.site/media/tenant-pays-rent-on-time-can-landlord-evict-2025-scmr-1691): Punjab's rent law lists six grounds on which a landlord may seek eviction, and not paying rent is only one of them. In November 2024 the Supreme Court said the landlord is the best judge of his own need, and a tenant who claims he bought the place must hand it over first. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2025 SCMR 1691) - [Myth: My right of pre-emption (haq-e-shufa) can wait. I can claim the land when I am ready.](https://failegal.site/media/pre-emption-shufa-talb-immediate-demand-two-hours-2021-scmr-134): Under Pakistan's pre-emption laws the right is lost unless you make three demands in order, and the first must be made at once, in the same sitting where you hear of the sale. In 2020 the Supreme Court held that a two hour delay was fatal. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2021 SCMR 134) - [Myth: Paid the advance and signed an agreement to sell? Then the house is yours.](https://failegal.site/media/agreement-to-sell-bayana-not-ownership-2024-scmr-1862): No. In Pakistan ownership of a house passes by a registered sale deed, not by an agreement to sell (iqrar nama). The agreement only lets you ask a court to complete the sale, and in 2024 the Supreme Court said a buyer's one duty is to pay on time. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2024 SCMR 1862) - [Myth: Give someone your power of attorney and he can sell your property to anyone, even his own sons.](https://failegal.site/media/power-of-attorney-transfer-to-attorney-sons-2026-scmr-1119): No. The Supreme Court says a general power of attorney does not by itself give the power to sell, and a transfer to the attorney's own relatives needs the owner's express permission. In April 2026 it undid a brother's transfer of his sister's land to his sons. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2026 SCMR 1119) - [Myth: Once the land is mutated in the brother's name, the sister's share is gone.](https://failegal.site/media/intiqal): No. A sister becomes owner of her share the very moment her father dies, and a mutation (intiqal) that leaves her out does not take it away. In December 2023 the Supreme Court cancelled a 1981 mutation and every mutation after it, and gave the sister one third of the whole property. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2024 SCMR 938) - [Myth: An oral gift of property is worthless without a registered deed.](https://failegal.site/media/hiba): Under Muslim law a valid gift (hiba) needs offer, acceptance and possession, and an oral gift does not have to be registered. In October 2025 the Supreme Court upheld an oral gift of half a Karachi plot over a later registered gift deed. But an oral gift must be strictly proved, and when it is not, it fails. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2026 SCMR 929) - [Myth: Not on stamp paper? It's worthless.](https://failegal.site/media/stamp): A document that is not properly stamped is not void. The Stamp Act only keeps it out of evidence until the duty is paid, and once a court has admitted it, the stamp cannot be raised later in the same case. In 2014 the Supreme Court restored a man's decree on a short-stamped promissory note. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2014 SCMR 1562) - [Myth: In your will, leave everything to anyone you like.](https://failegal.site/media/wasiyat): Under Hanafi law, as the Supreme Court stated it in 2025, a will can be spoken or written, but it reaches only one third of what is left after funeral costs and debts. Anything more, or anything for an heir, needs the other heirs to agree after the death. In 2025 the Sindh High Court held a will giving one heir everything ineffective beyond one third. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2025 SCMR 1673) - [Myth: 12 years on someone's land, and it's yours.](https://failegal.site/media/qabza): Under the old Limitation Act, an owner who did not sue for possession in time lost his title. The Supreme Court's Shariat Appellate Bench held that rule against the injunctions of Islam with effect from 31 August 1991, and in 2025 the Supreme Court said again that time alone does not take an owner's property away. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, 1991 SCMR 2063) - [Myth: If a sister didn't ask for her share for years, it's gone.](https://failegal.site/media/sister-inheritance-share-delay-not-lost-pld-2026-sc-42): No. The Supreme Court says heirs become owners of their shares the moment the deceased dies, and delay in claiming does not extinguish that right. In 2025 it refused a brother's last appeal against his sister and ordered him to pay five hundred thousand rupees in costs. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, PLD 2026 SC 42) - [Path blocked? 20 years makes it a right.](https://failegal.site/media/path-blocked-20-years-makes-it-a-right-right-of-way) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): A right of way becomes absolute when it has been used peaceably, openly, as of right and without interruption for twenty years (Limitation Act s.26(1)); sixty years over Government land (s.26(2)). Use by permission is only a licence, not an easement (2013 MLD 398; 1993 MLD 1481). - [Joint land? Ask for your share.](https://failegal.site/media/joint-land-ask-for-your-share-partition) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Any joint owner can apply to a Revenue Officer for partition of his share if it is recorded, decreed, or acknowledged in writing by all (Punjab Land Revenue Act 1967, s.135). If title is disputed, the officer may decide it himself or send a party to a civil court within up to 90 days (s.141). - [Someone copied your work? Copyright starts with you.](https://failegal.site/media/someone-copied-your-work-copyright-starts-with-you) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): The author is the first owner (Copyright Ordinance 1962, s.13), except for paid photos, portraits and films made at a client's request, and work made for an employer, unless agreed otherwise. Knowing infringement can mean up to 3 years, a fine up to Rs.100,000, or both (s.66). - [Paid bayana? Miss the date, lose it.](https://failegal.site/media/paid-bayana-miss-the-date-lose-it) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Yes, if the agreement says so and the buyer missed the agreed date. The Supreme Court has let sellers keep earnest money where a late buyer broke the timeline (2021 SCMR 1108; 2021 SCMR 7), within the "reasonable compensation" limit of Contract Act s.74. - [Landlord cut your water? Go to the Rent Tribunal.](https://failegal.site/media/landlord-cut-your-water-go-to-the-rent-tribunal-tenant-rights) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Not without just or sufficient cause (Punjab Rented Premises Act 2009, s.12(2)(a)). The Rent Tribunal can order him to restore it, or let the tenant restore it and recover the cost from rent (s.12(4)). - [Renting in Punjab? Register the agreement.](https://failegal.site/media/renting-in-punjab-register-the-agreement-rent-agreement) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Yes. Under the Punjab Rented Premises Act 2009 a landlord shall not let premises except by a tenancy agreement presented to the Rent Registrar (s.5). Without it, both sides pay a fine before the Rent Tribunal hears them (s.9). - [Cancelling it? Tell him first.](https://failegal.site/media/cancelling-it-tell-him-first-cancel-poa) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Write a revocation and give the attorney notice. Under section 208 of the Contract Act, a cancellation binds him only once he knows, and buyers only once they know. - [Your will covers only one third.](https://failegal.site/media/your-will-covers-only-one-third) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Many fathers write a will leaving the house to one child. The courts say a Muslim's bequest is limited to one third, and a bequest to an heir needs the other heirs' consent after death. - [A child's land needs the court's yes.](https://failegal.site/media/a-childs-land-needs-the-courts-yes-child-land) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): When a father dies, families often sell the children's share to settle things. Without the Guardian Judge's permission, the courts have called such sales void, and the buyer loses. - [Seller backed out? Make him sell.](https://failegal.site/media/seller-backed-out-make-him-sell-plot-deal) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Paid bayana for a plot or a house and the seller now wants to return it? For land, the court presumes money is not enough and can order the sale itself. But you have to show your money was ready. - [A gift of land needs three things.](https://failegal.site/media/a-gift-of-land-needs-three-things) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Offer, acceptance and possession. Miss one and there is no gift, says the Supreme Court. And a gift that cuts out heirs has to be proved to the hilt. - [Stamp paper is not ownership.](https://failegal.site/media/stamp-paper-is-not-ownership) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): A sale of property worth Rs 100 or more can be made only by a registered deed. An agreement to sell, by itself, gives you no interest in the land. - [Neighbour sold his land? You may buy it first.](https://failegal.site/media/neighbour-sold-his-land-you-may-buy-it-first-preemption) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): The Punjab Pre-emption Act gives co-owners and neighbours first right. Miss one demand, or one deadline, and the right is gone. - [Lost a parent? Start at NADRA, not court.](https://failegal.site/media/lost-a-parent-start-at-nadra-not-court-succession) (carousel, 9 slides, for citizens): The Punjab Letters of Administration and Succession Certificates Act, 2021 moved the simple cases out of court. - [Land grabbed? There is a law just for this.](https://failegal.site/media/land-grabbed-there-is-a-law-just-for-this-qabza) (carousel, 10 slides, for citizens): The Illegal Dispossession Act, 2005 gives owners and lawful occupiers a fast criminal remedy in the Court of Session. - [Living abroad? Get your power of attorney right.](https://failegal.site/media/living-abroad-get-your-power-of-attorney-right) (carousel, 9 slides, for overseas pakistanis): Family abroad, property at home. One wrong document and the sale cannot be registered. - [Tenant won't leave? Don't cut the power.](https://failegal.site/media/tenant-wont-leave-dont-cut-the-power) (carousel, 8 slides, for citizens): In Punjab, cutting a tenant's utilities without just cause breaks the law. The right door is the Rent Tribunal. - ["Sisters don't take a share." The law disagrees.](https://failegal.site/media/sisters-dont-take-a-share-the-law-disagrees) (carousel, 7 slides, for citizens): Keeping a woman from her inheritance by deceit or illegal means is a crime in Pakistan. In Punjab there is also a faster route than a long civil suit. ## Criminal law - [Myth: Honour killing? If the family forgives, the killer walks free.](https://failegal.site/media/honour-killing-family-forgiveness-life-imprisonment-2024-pcrlj-2028): No. Since 2016 the Pakistan Penal Code says the sentence is life imprisonment even when the heirs forgive, and in 2024 the Sindh High Court refused a compromise from a family that had stayed silent. (Sindh High Court, 2024 PCrLJ 2028) - [Myth: In a rape case, her character is on trial.](https://failegal.site/media/kirdar): No. Since 2016 the law no longer allows the defence to show that a rape survivor was of "generally immoral character" to discredit her. In 2021 the Supreme Court said plainly: it is the accused who is on trial, not the victim. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, PLD 2021 SC 550) - [Myth: The victim's family can't be witnesses.](https://failegal.site/media/rishta): Yes. In 2023 the Supreme Court said that "related" is not the same as "interested": a witness is interested only when he or she gains something from seeing the accused punished. Evidence cannot be thrown out merely because the witnesses are family. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2023 SCMR 831) - [Myth: A child's word doesn't count in court.](https://failegal.site/media/gawah): Yes. Under the Qanun-e-Shahadat every person, a child included, is competent to testify unless the court finds they cannot understand the questions or give rational answers. In 2020 the Supreme Court said a trial court blatantly erred in discarding a ten year old's testimony. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, PLD 2020 SC 146) - [Myth: Once the accused confesses to the police, the case is over.](https://failegal.site/media/iqbal): No. Under the Qanun-e-Shahadat a confession made to a police officer cannot be proved against the accused, and one made in police custody counts only if made in the immediate presence of a Magistrate. In 2018 the Supreme Court acquitted a man who had spent more than five years in the death cell on such a confession. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2018 SCMR 2092) - [Myth: A bounced cheque means no bail.](https://failegal.site/media/bail489): Dishonestly issuing a cheque under section 489-F of the Pakistan Penal Code carries at most three years. In August 2025 the Supreme Court said that for such an offence bail is the rule and refusal the exception, that the size of the cheque is not a reason to refuse it, and that 489-F is not a way to recover money. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2025 SCMR 1955) - [Myth: The police can keep you as long as they like.](https://failegal.site/media/custody): An arrested person must be produced before a magistrate within twenty four hours, not counting the journey to court. Any longer needs a magistrate's order, and never more than fifteen days in all. In 2025 the Sindh High Court upheld costs on police officers who kept two men at a station with no entry in any record. (Sindh High Court, 2026 PCrLJ 572) - [Motorbike stolen, and the police won't register the FIR? Just send a voice note.](https://failegal.site/media/motorbike-stolen-police-refuse-fir-no-enquiry-2024-scmr-1123): Theft of a motorcycle is a cognizable offence. Section 154 of the Code of Criminal Procedure requires the police to write the information down, and in 2024 the Supreme Court said no law lets the SHO first enquire whether it is true. If he still refuses, go to senior police and then to the Sessions Judge as Justice of the Peace. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2024 SCMR 1123) - [Myth: If the police won't register your FIR, nothing can be done.](https://failegal.site/media/police-refuse-fir-section-154-justice-of-peace-2015-scmr-1724): Section 154 of the Code of Criminal Procedure requires the officer in charge of a police station to write down information about a cognizable offence. If he refuses, there is a ladder of remedies, ending with the Sessions Judge as Justice of the Peace. In 2015 the Supreme Court ordered that section 154 be strictly followed. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2015 SCMR 1724) - [Myth: Non-bailable means no bail.](https://failegal.site/media/is-489-f-bailable-or-not-2021-scmr-822): No. The Code of Criminal Procedure lists section 489-F as not bailable, so bail is not a right. But non-bailable does not mean no bail: the court decides, and with a three-year maximum the offence is outside the prohibitory clause. The Supreme Court granted bail on that footing in 2021 SCMR 822. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, 2021 SCMR 822) - [Meter tampering is a crime.](https://failegal.site/media/meter-tampering-is-a-crime) (carousel, 12 slides, for citizens): Tampering with a meter, reconnecting a cut line or using power on the wrong tariff is an offence in the PPC: up to 2 years or a fine up to Rs 1 million for a domestic consumer (s.462-J), up to 3 years or Rs 6 million for industrial or commercial (s.462-K). The court acts only on a written complaint by a company officer of Grade 17 or above (s.462-O). - [Falsely accused? You can claim back.](https://failegal.site/media/falsely-accused-you-can-claim-back-false-case) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): A Magistrate who acquits and finds the accusation false and frivolous or vexatious can order the complainant to pay up to Rs 25,000, after hearing him (CrPC s.250). A false charge with intent to injure is also an offence (PPC s.211), and you can sue for malicious prosecution within one year of acquittal (Limitation Act Art. 23), if you prove malice and no reasonable cause. - [Police not acting? Go to the court yourself.](https://failegal.site/media/police-not-acting-go-to-the-court-yourself-complaint) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Yes. A Magistrate can take cognizance on a complaint of the facts (CrPC s.190(1)(a)). The court examines you on oath (s.200), may inquire first or order an inquiry (s.202), then either dismisses the complaint with reasons (s.203) or summons the accused (s.204). - [Police called you in? Know these rules first.](https://failegal.site/media/police-called-you-in-know-these-rules-first) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): The investigating officer calls you by an order in writing (CrPC s.160). You must answer questions about the case, except those that could expose you to a criminal charge (s.161(2)). You do not sign your statement (s.162), no one may threaten or tempt you (s.163), and a confession to the police cannot be proved against an accused (Qanun-e-Shahadat Art. 38). - [FIR to judgment: the trial, step by step.](https://failegal.site/media/fir-to-judgment-the-trial-step-by-step) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Police investigate and send a report to the Magistrate through the Public Prosecutor (CrPC s.173). The accused gets free copies 7 days before trial (s.265-C), a charge is framed only if there is ground to proceed (s.265-D), then come the plea, prosecution evidence, the accused's statement (s.342), defence, arguments and the verdict (s.265-H). - [He kept your amanat? That can be a crime.](https://failegal.site/media/he-kept-your-amanat-that-can-be-a-crime) (carousel, 12 slides, for citizens): It can be. Dishonestly misappropriating property entrusted to someone is criminal breach of trust (PPC s.405), punishable with up to 7 years, fine, or both (s.406). But money invested in a business is not entrustment (2019 SCMR 1730). - [Someone threatening you? Save the proof.](https://failegal.site/media/someone-threatening-you-save-the-proof-threats) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Yes. Threatening injury to a person, reputation or property to cause alarm is criminal intimidation (PPC s.503): up to 2 years, or up to 7 years for a threat to kill, cause grievous hurt or burn property (s.506), and up to 2 more years if anonymous (s.507). Keep proof: cases fail without it. - [Street blocked? A magistrate can clear it.](https://failegal.site/media/street-blocked-a-magistrate-can-clear-it-nuisance) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): A Magistrate of the First Class. On a police report or other information he can make a conditional order to remove an obstruction or nuisance from a public way or place, or to repair or remove a dangerous building (CrPC s.133). Ignore it, and the order becomes absolute with a penalty under s.188 PPC (s.136). - [Road accident? The law makes him pay.](https://failegal.site/media/road-accident-the-law-makes-him-pay) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): If someone dies: diyat to the heirs and up to ten years (PPC s.320). If someone is hurt: arsh or daman and up to five years (s.337-G). The prosecution must prove rash and negligent driving, not just speed. - [Cancel the bail? Show it was perverse.](https://failegal.site/media/cancel-the-bail-show-it-was-perverse-bail-cancel) (carousel, 11 slides, for advocates): Misuse of bail, tampering with witnesses, risk of repetition or absconding, or a bail order that is perverse: passed by ignoring material evidence or relying on irrelevant material (2022 PCrLJ 1327; 2020 SCMR 2089). - [Police abuse? That is a crime too.](https://failegal.site/media/police-abuse-that-is-a-crime-too) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Yes. A police officer who searches, seizes, arrests or tortures without lawful cause commits an offence punishable with up to five years (Police Order 2002, Art.156). Delay in producing an arrested person before a court is also an offence (Art.157). - [22-A petition? Know the limits.](https://failegal.site/media/22-a-petition-know-the-limits-justice-of-peace) (carousel, 11 slides, for advocates): Issue directions to the police on non-registration of a case, transfer of investigation, or police neglect or excess (CrPC s.22-A(6)). The Supreme Court calls the function quasi-judicial (PLD 2016 SC 581). - [Compromise? Not every case can end.](https://failegal.site/media/compromise-not-every-case-can-end) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Only if the offence is listed in section 345 CrPC. Some can be settled directly, some only with the court's permission, and no other offence can be compounded. - [489-F? Test the three elements.](https://failegal.site/media/489-f-test-the-three-elements-cheque-defence) (carousel, 11 slides, for advocates): Dishonest intent, a loan or obligation, and a dishonoured cheque. Here is how the Supreme Court and the High Courts have treated security cheques, missing proof of the debt and civil disputes. - [Police want 14 days? Know the limit.](https://failegal.site/media/police-want-14-days-know-the-limit-remand) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): After 24 hours, only a Magistrate can keep someone in custody, and police remand has a hard limit. Here is section 167 CrPC in plain words. - [A false FIR? Do this, not panic.](https://failegal.site/media/a-false-fir-do-this-not-panic) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): An FIR starts an investigation. It is not a conviction. Here is what the law gives you, step by step, with the Supreme Court cases behind it. - [Standing surety? Read this first.](https://failegal.site/media/standing-surety-read-this-first) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Zamanat feels like a favour. If the accused runs, the court can make you pay the bond, attach your things, even send you to civil jail. - [A house search has rules.](https://failegal.site/media/a-house-search-has-rules) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Written grounds first, two local witnesses, a signed list of what was taken, and only a woman may search a woman. - [Get it back. It is called superdari.](https://failegal.site/media/get-it-back-it-is-called-superdari) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): The police must report a seizure to a Magistrate, who can hand the property to the person entitled, on conditions, while the case goes on. - [Bailable or not? The sentence is not the test.](https://failegal.site/media/bailable-or-not-the-sentence-is-not-the-test) (carousel, 10 slides, for law students): Theft (3 years) is not bailable. A threat to kill (7 years) is. Schedule II decides. - [Police won't write your FIR? Go around them.](https://failegal.site/media/police-wont-write-your-fir-go-around-them) (carousel, 7 slides, for citizens): For a cognizable offence the law says the information shall be written down. If the station refuses, the Sessions Judge, as ex-officio Justice of the Peace, can direct the police. - [Bounced cheque? Up to 3 years in jail.](https://failegal.site/media/bounced-cheque-up-to-3-years-in-jail) (carousel, 7 slides, for citizens): Section 489-F PPC can mean up to three years. Here is what the law table says, the one defence the section names, and the civil route if you are the one owed money. - [Arrested? 24 hours, then a magistrate.](https://failegal.site/media/arrested-24-hours-then-a-magistrate) (carousel, 8 slides, for citizens): The Constitution sets the clock, not the police station. Know these lines before anyone in your family needs them. ## Service and pension - [Myth: Divorced after her father died? No pension for her.](https://failegal.site/media/divorced-daughter-family-pension-pld-2025-sc-856): No. The Supreme Court of Pakistan struck down the Sindh circular that said so, and said the date of a father's death cannot take a daughter's pension away. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, PLD 2025 SC 856) ## Consumer rights - [He won Rs. 10.49 lakh. Then the Supreme Court threw it out.](https://failegal.site/media/notice): Under the Punjab Consumer Protection Act you must send a written notice before you go to the Consumer Court. In 2023 the Supreme Court dismissed a car buyer's claim: his notices and his claim never named a specific defect, and he filed too late, because the 30 days start when you learn of the defect. (Supreme Court of Pakistan, PLD 2023 SC 482) - [Your new washing machine broke. Here's the law.](https://failegal.site/media/consumer): In Punjab, the Punjab Consumer Protection Act 2005 sets out the steps: a written notice to the company, fifteen days for it to reply, then a claim in the Consumer Court within thirty days. The court can test the product in a laboratory and order repair, replacement, a refund, compensation and your lawyer's costs. (Statute: Punjab Consumer Protection Act 2005, PCPA 2005, ss.28-31) - [Bank will not refund? Go to the Banking Mohtasib.](https://failegal.site/media/bank-will-not-refund-go-to-the-banking-mohtasib) (carousel, 12 slides, for citizens): Write to your bank first. If it does not reply in thirty days, or the reply is unsatisfactory, complain to the Banking Mohtasib within the next thirty days, in writing and on oath (Banking Companies Ordinance s.82D). The Banking Mohtasib can direct the bank to reverse its decision or pay reasonable compensation (s.82E(1)). - [Bought something faulty? Take it to the Consumer Court.](https://failegal.site/media/bought-something-faulty-take-it-to-the-consumer-court) (carousel, 9 slides, for citizens): In Punjab, the law gives you a clear path: notice, 15 days, claim. Here it is step by step. ## Using FAI Legal - [Attach your PDF or Word file and ask about it](https://failegal.site/media/using-fai-legal-attach-pdf-word-file): In FAI Legal you can attach a PDF or Word file and ask about it. In the reel, a sample tenancy agreement is attached and FAI answers from it: clause 9 needs two months' written notice, and then it asks whether the agreement has been registered. - [Improve my draft now has Humanize](https://failegal.site/media/using-fai-legal-improve-my-draft-humanize): Humanize removes AI filler so a draft reads as an advocate wrote it, and adds nothing. FAI checks its own edit: 0 facts added, 0 citations removed. Every change is shown, and you accept or reject each one. - [Statute Search now searches in the law's own words](https://failegal.site/media/using-fai-legal-statute-search-own-words): Section 302 PPC never says murder. It says qatl-i-amd. Statute Search on FAI Legal now also searches in the law's own words: type murder and you get s.302 PPC, type blood money and you get s.299 PPC, diyat. - [Judgment Search now has filters](https://failegal.site/media/using-fai-legal-judgment-search-filters): Judgment Search on FAI Legal now has four filters: Court, Years, Act and Exact words. In the reel, the same search for a Lahore bail hearing is run before and after the filters. - [Meet FAI Legal: ask, search, draft and improve](https://failegal.site/media/using-fai-legal-intro): FAI Legal lets you ask a legal question in your own words, in English or Roman Urdu, and get a plain-words answer with the law and judgments cited. It also searches judgments and statutes, drafts from 71 ready templates and improves your own draft. - [Your colleagues pay less. You get paid.](https://failegal.site/media/your-colleagues-pay-less-you-get-paid-refer) (carousel, 4 slides, for advocates): Share your FAI referral link. Your colleague gets 5% off every plan they buy, and you get 200 FAI Coins each time they pay. - [Put Pakistani case law inside ChatGPT and Claude.](https://failegal.site/media/put-pakistani-case-law-inside-chatgpt-and-claude-plugin) (carousel, 8 slides, for advocates): On its own, an AI chat writes what a citation would probably look like. With the FAI plugin, it searches FAI's records and answers with the real citation attached. - [Pakistani legal research. Rs. 0 to start.](https://failegal.site/media/pakistani-legal-research-rs-0-to-start-plans) (carousel, 6 slides, for advocates): The Free plan is permanent, not a trial: 10 questions and 10 drafts a month, no card. Paid plans start from Rs. 825 a month. - [Read the section. Not someone's summary of it.](https://failegal.site/media/read-the-section-not-someones-summary-of-it-statutes) (carousel, 5 slides, for advocates): FAI Legal quotes the statute text itself from its index, so what you read is the provision, not a paraphrase of it. - [The judgment that wins your case is already written.](https://failegal.site/media/the-judgment-that-wins-your-case-is-already-written-judgments) (carousel, 6 slides, for advocates): Search Pakistani case law the way you think about the case: type the issue, then narrow by court, year, Act or exact words. - [Stop typing petitions from scratch.](https://failegal.site/media/stop-typing-petitions-from-scratch-drafting) (carousel, 7 slides, for advocates): FAI Legal carries 70+ Pakistani templates. You answer the questions it asks, and it fills a lawyer-reviewed skeleton with your facts and the authorities it found. - [Stop guessing the law. Read the record.](https://failegal.site/media/stop-guessing-the-law-read-the-record-intro) (carousel, 6 slides, for advocates): FAI Legal answers Pakistani law questions only from an indexed record: the statute books and the judgments the courts publish. If something is not in the record, it tells you instead of inventing an authority. ## Cyber crime - [2 AM: “I'll send your pictures to everyone.”](https://failegal.site/media/dhamki): Threatening or blackmailing a person with intimate pictures is a crime under section 21 of the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act 2016. In a Peshawar case the father handed over the very phone the pictures arrived on, the forensic report traced them to the accused's phone, and the conviction stood. (Peshawar High Court, 2023 YLR 1377) - [Fake account in your name? It is a crime.](https://failegal.site/media/fake-account-in-your-name-it-is-a-crime) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Fake profiles, false posts and online stalking are offences under PECA. Since 2025, a new agency, the NCCIA, investigates them. - [Someone threatening to leak your photos?](https://failegal.site/media/someone-threatening-to-leak-your-photos-blackmail) (carousel, 9 slides, for citizens): PECA names it, punishes it, and lets you ask for the content to be removed. - [Scammed online? It is a crime. Act fast.](https://failegal.site/media/scammed-online-it-is-a-crime-act-fast) (carousel, 8 slides, for citizens): Fake bank calls, fake pages, stolen identity. PECA makes these offences, and electronic fraud is non-bailable. ## Courts and procedure - [Wrong party? Fix it at any stage.](https://failegal.site/media/wrong-party-fix-it-at-any-stage) (carousel, 12 slides, for advocates): The court may strike out or add a party at any stage, with or without an application (O.I R.10(2)). No suit is defeated by misjoinder or non-joinder (R.9), objections must be taken early (R.13), and as against an added party the suit is instituted when he is made a party (Limitation Act s.22). - [Party died mid-suit? The suit goes on.](https://failegal.site/media/party-died-mid-suit-the-suit-goes-on) (carousel, 11 slides, for advocates): Death does not abate the suit if the right to sue survives (O.XXII R.1). Legal representatives are brought on record on application or the nominee's intimation within ninety days (R.3, R.4; Arts. 176, 177). If no one applies, the court may proceed and the judgment binds as if given before the death (R.3(2)). A legal representative can seek to set aside an order made in his absence within sixty days (R.9(2); Art. 171). - [Suing the government? Read section 80 first.](https://failegal.site/media/suing-the-government-read-section-80-first-govt-notice) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): The clean route is a written notice to the right office, then two months, then the suit (CPC s.80(1)). But a suit without notice still goes on: you only lose costs if the Government settles within two months, and the court must give the Government at least three months for its written statement (s.80(2); 2008 SCMR 1577). - [Decree won, possession blocked?](https://failegal.site/media/decree-won-possession-blocked-obstruction) (carousel, 11 slides, for advocates): Order XXI Rules 97 to 103 CPC. The decree-holder or auction purchaser complains within 30 days (R.97, Art. 167). The court decides like a trial: judgment-debtor without just cause, put in possession (R.98); bona fide third party, application dismissed (R.99); dispossessed third party, apply within 30 days (R.100, Art. 165). Rule 103: no separate suit. - [Auction in execution? Thirty days to undo it.](https://failegal.site/media/auction-in-execution-thirty-days-to-undo-it) (carousel, 11 slides, for advocates): Under CPC Order XXI: R.89 (deposit 5% for the purchaser plus the proclamation amount), R.90 (material irregularity or fraud, with substantial injury) or R.91 (purchaser: no saleable interest), within thirty days of the sale (Limitation Act Art. 166). The R.90 deposit is made on the court's direction, not with the application (PLD 2024 SC 873). - [Got a court summons? Do not ignore it.](https://failegal.site/media/got-a-court-summons-do-not-ignore-it) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): The case can go on without you. If you do not file your written statement in time, the court may pronounce judgment against you (CPC Order VIII Rule 10). The period ordinarily does not exceed 30 days (O.VIII R.1). An ex parte decree can be challenged within 30 days (O.IX R.13, Limitation Act Art. 164). - [Lost the original? You can still prove it.](https://failegal.site/media/lost-the-original-you-can-still-prove-it-lost-deed) (carousel, 12 slides, for citizens): Yes, with secondary evidence, such as a copy or the account of someone who saw it (Qanun-e-Shahadat, Art. 76(c) and Art. 74). First prove the document existed and that it was lost despite a diligent search (2020 CLC 1950). For a registered deed, get a certified copy (Arts. 85, 87). - [Need that witness back? Section 540.](https://failegal.site/media/need-that-witness-back-section-540-recall) (carousel, 11 slides, for advocates): At any stage of an inquiry, trial or other proceeding; and it must do so if the evidence appears essential to the just decision of the case. A witness whose s.161 statement was never recorded can still be examined, and filling a lacuna is only a subsidiary factor (2022 SCMR 1882). - [Transfer the case? Bring material, not fear.](https://failegal.site/media/transfer-the-case-bring-material-not-fear) (carousel, 11 slides, for advocates): When it is shown that a fair and impartial trial cannot be had, among the other grounds in s.526(1). Mere apprehension is not enough (PLD 2024 Lah. 684); courts want material, and have transferred where the judge's conduct showed possible bias (2015 MLD 1593). - [Federal office ignoring you? Complain to the Mohtasib.](https://failegal.site/media/federal-office-ignoring-you-complain-to-the-mohtasib) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): File a complaint about maladministration by a federal agency in English, Urdu or a regional language, in person, by post, e-mail or online (Wafaqi Mohtasib Regulations 2013, reg. 3). The Mohtasib must decide it within 60 days (FOIRA 2013, s.9(5)). - [Res judicata? Decided on merits?](https://failegal.site/media/res-judicata-decided-on-merits) (carousel, 11 slides, for advocates): When the same matter was directly and substantially in issue between the same parties, before a competent court, and was heard and finally decided. A compromise statement without a decision on merits does not bar a new suit (PLD 2025 Pesh. 59), but a dismissal for want of evidence after issues does (2026 CLC 859). - [Ask the government. 10 working days to reply.](https://failegal.site/media/ask-the-government-10-working-days-to-reply-rti) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Make a written request to the public body's designated official. Under the federal Right of Access to Information Act 2017 it must respond within 10 working days, extendable by 10 more (s.14), and you need not give reasons (s.11). Punjab and Sindh have their own Acts. - [Business partner? Register the firm.](https://failegal.site/media/business-partner-register-the-firm) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Not to enforce a contract. An unregistered firm, or a partner suing as a partner, cannot sue on a contract (Partnership Act s.69), and the Supreme Court says registering later does not save the suit (PLD 2016 SC 214). - [False affidavit? Up to 7 years.](https://failegal.site/media/false-affidavit-up-to-7-years) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): A false statement in an affidavit used in court is punished like false evidence: up to seven years and fine (PPC ss.199, 193). The court itself files the complaint (CrPC s.195). - [Stay order broken? Use Rule 2(3).](https://failegal.site/media/stay-order-broken-use-rule-2-3-stay-breach) (carousel, 11 slides, for advocates): Under Order XXXIX Rule 2(3) CPC the court can attach his property and detain him for up to six months, and courts have restored possession taken in breach. Prove service first. - [Lent money? Write it down.](https://failegal.site/media/lent-money-write-it-down-loan) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): Lending to family or friends on trust is common. But if they deny it later, the law asks for a written paper with two attesting witnesses, and both may have to come to court. - [New evidence in appeal? Not to fill gaps.](https://failegal.site/media/new-evidence-in-appeal-not-to-fill-gaps) (carousel, 10 slides, for advocates): Order XLI Rule 27 CPC in one swipe: the three doors, the Supreme Court's postman cases, and what a strong application needs. - [Lost in court? Your clock is ticking.](https://failegal.site/media/lost-in-court-your-clock-is-ticking-appeal) (carousel, 11 slides, for citizens): An appeal filed late is dismissed even if the other side never objects. Here are the deadlines for civil and criminal appeals, and what the Supreme Court says about delay. - [Civil revision? Ninety days. Not 91.](https://failegal.site/media/civil-revision-ninety-days-not-91) (carousel, 10 slides, for advocates): Section 115 CPC in one swipe: the three grounds, the copies to attach, the bar on a second revision, and how the Supreme Court has treated delay. - [Summary suit? Ten days to defend.](https://failegal.site/media/summary-suit-ten-days-to-defend) (carousel, 11 slides, for advocates): Order XXXVII in one swipe: the ten-day clock, the test for leave, conditions, and what happens when a condition is missed. - [Decree by fraud? Section 12(2), not a suit.](https://failegal.site/media/decree-by-fraud-section-12-2-not-a-suit-fraud-decree) (carousel, 10 slides, for advocates): Which court, which clock, and what the Supreme Court expects in the application, from the reported headnotes. - [Ex parte decree? The 30 days start here.](https://failegal.site/media/ex-parte-decree-the-30-days-start-here-exparte) (carousel, 10 slides, for advocates): Order IX from absence to appeal: Rule 6, Rule 7, Rule 13, Article 164, and the proviso that sinks weak applications. - [Order XXXIX: stay orders by the rules.](https://failegal.site/media/order-xxxix-stay-orders-by-the-rules-injunction) (carousel, 10 slides, for advocates): Grounds, notice, the 15-day ex parte limit and the six-month lapse, in one place. - [Order VII Rule 11: end a bad suit early.](https://failegal.site/media/order-vii-rule-11-end-a-bad-suit-early-plaint) (carousel, 9 slides, for advocates): Four grounds, two of which need the court to fix time first. And rejection is not always the end. - [Limitation: the deadline that kills cases.](https://failegal.site/media/limitation-the-deadline-that-kills-cases) (carousel, 9 slides, for advocates): Section 3 means the court dismisses a time-barred case even if nobody objects. ## Law study - [Unlawful assembly in 9 flashcards.](https://failegal.site/media/unlawful-assembly-in-9-flashcards) (carousel, 11 slides, for law students): Unlawful assembly needs five or more persons with a common object listed in s.141. Then membership (s.142, s.143), armed members (s.144), rioting (s.146, s.147, s.148), every member's liability (s.149) and affray (s.159, s.160). - [Theft to dacoity in 9 flashcards.](https://failegal.site/media/theft-to-dacoity-in-9-flashcards) (carousel, 11 slides, for law students): Theft (s.378) and its punishment (s.379), extortion (s.383), robbery (s.390) and its punishment (s.392), dacoity (s.391, s.395), dishonest misappropriation (s.403) and receiving stolen property (s.411). Plus the illustrations examiners love. - [The Contract Act in 9 flashcards.](https://failegal.site/media/the-contract-act-in-9-flashcards) (carousel, 11 slides, for law students): Proposal, acceptance and consideration (s.2(a), (b), (d)); contract, essentials and competence (s.2(h), ss.10, 11); void, voidable and impossibility (s.2(g), (i), s.56). Plus free consent (s.14), damages (ss.73, 74) and the section 25 exceptions examiners love. - [Forgery in the PPC in 9 flashcards.](https://failegal.site/media/forgery-in-the-ppc-in-9-flashcards) (carousel, 10 slides, for law students): Forgery is making a false document with intent to injure, support a claim or defraud (PPC s.463); a false document is defined in s.464; punishment is up to 2 years (s.465), up to 7 years for court records, public registers and powers of attorney (s.466), and life or up to 10 years for valuable securities and wills (s.467). Using a forged document as genuine is punished as forgery (s.471). - [PPC general exceptions in 9 flashcards.](https://failegal.site/media/ppc-general-exceptions-in-9-flashcards) (carousel, 10 slides, for law students): Sections 76 and 79 (mistake of fact, never of law), 80 (accident with proper care), 81 (necessity), 84 (unsound mind), 95 (slight harm), and the private defence sections 96, 99 (no right if there is time to call the authorities; no excess harm) and 100 (when it extends to causing death). - [Limitation articles in 9 flashcards.](https://failegal.site/media/limitation-articles-in-9-flashcards) (carousel, 10 slides, for law students): Articles 10 (pre-emption, one year), 91 (cancellation, three years), 113 (specific performance, three years), 120 (residuary suits, six years), 142 (possession, twelve years), 156 (appeal to the High Court, ninety days), 164 (ex parte decree, thirty days), 181 (residuary applications, three years) and section 5 (condoning delay). - [CPC sections in 9 flashcards.](https://failegal.site/media/cpc-sections-in-9-flashcards) (carousel, 11 slides, for law students): Sections 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 114, 115 and 151 of the Code of Civil Procedure 1908: jurisdiction, res sub judice, res judicata, the fraud application, review, revision and inherent powers. - [Hurt in the PPC in 9 flashcards.](https://failegal.site/media/hurt-in-the-ppc-in-9-flashcards) (carousel, 11 slides, for law students): Itlaf-i-udw, itlaf-i-salahiyyat-i-udw, shajjah (head and face), jurh (the rest of the body) and all other hurts (PPC s.332(2)). A revision set from the text of ss.332 to 337-M. - [Specific Relief Act in 9 flashcards.](https://failegal.site/media/specific-relief-act-in-9-flashcards) (carousel, 11 slides, for law students): Recovery of possession (ss.8, 9), specific performance (s.12), declaration (s.42) and injunctions (ss.54, 56), from the text of the Act as FAI holds it. - [Writ petitions in 9 flashcards.](https://failegal.site/media/writ-petitions-in-9-flashcards-writs) (carousel, 11 slides, for law students): Mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, habeas corpus and quo warranto, plus orders to enforce Fundamental Rights, all from the text of Article 199 as amended. - [Cyber crime law in 9 flashcards.](https://failegal.site/media/cyber-crime-law-in-9-flashcards-peca) (carousel, 11 slides, for law students): PECA 2016 as amended in 2025: the key offences with their punishments, which ones are non-bailable, the new NCCIA, and how the Supreme Court treats bail. - [9 things a court may presume.](https://failegal.site/media/9-things-a-court-may-presume) (carousel, 11 slides, for law students): Article 129 of the Qanun-e-Shahadat in nine flashcards, plus the difference between "may presume", "shall presume" and "conclusive proof". - [Your fundamental rights in 9 flashcards.](https://failegal.site/media/your-fundamental-rights-in-9-flashcards) (carousel, 11 slides, for law students): Quoted from the Constitution as amended up to the 27th Amendment, including Article 9A, the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment. - [Qatl and diyat in 9 flashcards.](https://failegal.site/media/qatl-and-diyat-in-9-flashcards) (carousel, 11 slides, for law students): PPC Chapter XVI on one page: the three kinds of qatl, the compensation words, and the punishments side by side, straight from the Code. - [Pakistan's new top court in 9 flashcards.](https://failegal.site/media/pakistans-new-top-court-in-9-flashcards-fcc) (carousel, 11 slides, for law students): The 27th Amendment created the Federal Constitutional Court. Its decisions now bind every court, including the Supreme Court. - [Qanun-e-Shahadat in 12 flashcards.](https://failegal.site/media/qanun-e-shahadat-in-12-flashcards-evidence) (carousel, 10 slides, for law students): Confessions, burden, witnesses and documents: the Articles asked again and again. - [8 CrPC words you must know cold.](https://failegal.site/media/8-crpc-words-you-must-know-cold) (carousel, 9 slides, for law students): Flashcards straight from section 4(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, with a quick self-test. - [10 sections every LLB student must know.](https://failegal.site/media/10-sections-every-llb-student-must-know) (carousel, 8 slides, for law students): These come up again and again, in exams, moots and the first year of practice. - [Read a judgment in 5 minutes.](https://failegal.site/media/read-a-judgment-in-5-minutes) (carousel, 8 slides, for law students): Most students start on page one and get lost by page three. Start with the citation, use the headnote as a map, then find facts, issue and holding. FAI Media is part of FAI Legal (https://failegal.site).