# Estoppel in 9 cards. No going back. > Articles 114 to 116 of the Qanun-e-Shahadat in nine flashcards: the general rule of estoppel, tenants and licensees, and bills of exchange and bailment, with three Supreme Court headnotes that show how it works. - Topic: Law study - For: Law students - A 12-slide carousel: https://failegal.site/media/estoppel-in-9-cards-no-going-back - Published by FAI Legal on 2026-10-22 ## The law. Article 114, Qanun-e-Shahadat. > "When one person has by his declaration, act or omission, intentionally caused or permitted another person to believe a thing to be true and to act upon such belief, neither he nor his representative shall be allowed, in any suit or proceeding between himself and such person or his representative, to deny the truth of that thing." (Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 · Article 114) ## The rule. Cards 1 to 3. Article 114. - **Estoppel** Made another believe a thing and act on it: cannot deny it. (Art. 114) - **Who is bound** He and his representative, in a suit between them. (Art. 114) - **The land** A sells land he does not own, later gets title: cannot undo the sale. (Illus.) ## Tenants. Cards 4 to 6. Article 115. - **Tenant** Cannot deny the landlord had title when the tenancy began. (Art. 115) - **Through him** Same for anyone claiming through the tenant. (Art. 115) - **Licensee** Cannot deny the licensor had title to possession then. (Art. 115) ## Bills, bailment. Cards 7 to 9. Article 116. - **Acceptor** Cannot deny the drawer had authority to draw the bill. (Art. 116) - **Bailee** Cannot deny the bailor's authority when bailment began. (Art. 116) - **Exceptions** Acceptor may deny who drew it. Bailee may prove a third party's right. (Expl. 1, 2) ## Quick quiz. The tenant. Guess first, then swipe for the answer. - **A. Yes, at any time** - **B. No, vacate first** - **C. Only in the rent court** ## Answer: B. 2026 SCMR 717. Supreme Court, Article 115. - **The rule** A tenant in possession is estopped from disputing the landlord's title. - **The route** Vacate and surrender possession first, then contest title. ## Quick quiz. The bystander. Guess first, then swipe for the answer. - **A. Yes, presence is enough** - **B. Not by presence alone** - **C. Only if he signed** ## Answer: B. Presence is not enough. Reported headnotes, Supreme Court. - **2008 SCMR 296** Mere presence at the time of marking does not constitute estoppel. - **1996 SCMR 808** Mere presence when the bargain was struck was no estoppel or waiver. ## More than evidence. 2022 SCMR 1454, Supreme Court. - **Its basis** Founded on equity, to prevent fraud and ensure justice. - **Its effect** A rule of evidence that may also create substantive rights. ## Stuck on estoppel? Ask FAI. It answers with the exact article and the judgments that explain it. - **Explain Article 115 Qanun-e-Shahadat with case law on tenants denying title.** - **Difference between estoppel and waiver, with examples.** ## Sources - Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 · Article 114: Estoppel --- Educational legal information, not legal advice. Every case turns on its own facts. Speak to a qualified lawyer about your situation. Review status: Pending advocate review. FAI Media is part of FAI Legal (https://failegal.site), research on Pakistani statutes and judgments. Free to watch and read.