# 9 PPC words you must know cold.

> Chapter II of the PPC defines the words every offence is built on: movable property, wrongful gain, injury, dishonestly, fraudulently, reason to believe, common intention, voluntarily and good faith. Here they are in 9 flashcards, each with its section.

- Topic: Law study
- For: Law students
- A 12-slide carousel: https://failegal.site/media/9-ppc-words-you-must-know-cold
- Published by FAI Legal on 2026-10-23

## The law.

Section 24, PPC.

> "Whoever does anything with the intention of causing wrongful gain to one person or wrongful loss to another person, is said to do that thing "dishonestly"." (Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 · Section 24)

## Property. Cards 1 to 3.

Sections 22, 23 and 44.

- **Movable property** Every corporeal thing, except land and things attached to it. (s.22)
- **Wrongful gain or loss** By unlawful means, of property one is or is not entitled to. (s.23)
- **Injury** Any harm illegally caused, in body, mind, reputation or property. (s.44)

## The mind. Cards 4 to 6.

Sections 24, 25 and 26.

- **Dishonestly** Intending wrongful gain to one, or wrongful loss to another. (s.24)
- **Fraudulently** With intent to defraud, and not otherwise. (s.25)
- **Reason to believe** Sufficient cause to believe it, and not otherwise. (s.26)

## The act. Cards 7 to 9.

Sections 34, 39 and 52.

- **Common intention** Each is liable as if he did the act alone. (s.34)
- **Voluntarily** By means he intended, or knew were likely to cause it. (s.39)
- **Good faith** Nothing is in good faith if done without due care. (s.52)

## Quick quiz. Good faith?

Guess first, then swipe for the answer.

- **A. Yes, he was honest**
- **B. No, no due care**
- **C. Only if no harm**

## Answer: B. Section 52.

Pakistan Penal Code.

- **The rule** The PPC test is due care and attention.
- **So** Honest belief alone is not enough.

## Keeping counts too.

Section 23, PPC.

- **Gain** Retaining wrongfully, as well as acquiring wrongfully.
- **Loss** Being kept out of property, as well as deprived of it.

## Common intention.

Two Supreme Court cases.

- **PLD 2007 SC 87** Usually a pre-plan, but it may develop on the spot.
- **1989 SCMR 1169** No prior meeting of minds: each liable for his own act.

## Mix-ups to avoid.

Three lines examiners test.

- **Dishonest vs fraudulent** Gain or loss, versus intent to defraud.
- **Voluntarily** Knowing it was likely is enough (s.39).
- **Good faith** The PPC asks for care, not just honesty.

## Stuck on definitions?

Ask FAI. It answers with the exact section and the judgments that explain it.

- **Explain the difference between dishonestly and fraudulently in the PPC with cases.**
- **When does section 34 PPC apply without a pre-arranged plan?**

## Sources

- Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 · Section 24: "Dishonestly"

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Educational legal information, not legal advice. Every case turns on its own facts. Speak to a qualified lawyer about your situation. Review status: Pending advocate review.

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